EVOLUTION OF MAN ,TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

     Evolution of Man
Is the gradual changes development of plants and animals from a simple form to a more complex form. This change leads to existence0f plants  and animals that are different  from the original plants and animals.

The theory of evolution  of man. 
      The theory of evolution tries to explain the origin of man by describing the the changes that our ancestors underwent until they were  like modern man.

There are two theories which attempt to explain the origin of man.

1st THEORY OF CREATION

This theory explains that there is super natural power that creates everything.

This super natural power is God. Refer from the Holy Bible and Qur'an e.g from Biblical knowledge (Genesis chapter 1:26) it says that : - God created man by using soil, at first they created a man and then later a woman.

These two creatures established their relationship and this marked the beginning of human family.

2nd THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF MAN

The theory of evolution of man was proposed by an English man known as Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

The theory says that: - man’s species has been changing gradually from lower stage to better stage due to environment.

• Changing goes hand in hand with improvement of methods of obtaining food, cloth and shelter.

• The gradual change of man is called evolution. The first man belong to the family of primates which included Ape, Gorilla, Monkey and Chimpanzee.

• These animals lived in the forest walking on four limbs and their bodies covered with hair.

• Because of environmental changes and diminishing of forests, they started to live in open grassland.

• Environment forced them to adopt new way of walking.

• The forelimbs instead of walking become special for tool making and using.

• Forelimbs become free from walking.

• The walking is known as Bi – pedalism

STAGES OF MAN’S EVOLUTION

         1. PRIMATES (Ape, Gorilla, Monkey, Chimpanzee)

             Characteristics

1. Their bodies were covered with lots of hair.

2. They walked on four limbs

3. They lived in dense forest.

4. They had poorly mental abilities.

5.  They totally depended on nature eg. ate raw food

    

   2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICAN FAMILY

      This stage started about 12million years ago (B.C) when primates changed to near man.

   This stage divided into two

1. Zinjanthropus

2. Homo habilis

   Zinjanthropus

   In this stage:

1. Fore limbs were free from walking.

2. Hind limbs were used for standing and body balance.

3. Man started to design, make and use tools.

4. Man become skillful.

   Homo habilis

   - It lived between  1,500,000 and 750,000 BC.

   - Homohabilis become more skillful man, because  was systematic tools maker.

   - Homohabilis believed to be the direct ancestor of modern man.

   - He had bigger brain and he was more systematic tool maker.

   - The skull of those creatures were discovered at Olduvai Gorge and omo in Eastern and Rudolf in Kenya.

3rd stage: Homo erectus

• • Man was fully moving upright.

  • He become more skillful tools maker than Homohabilis.

  • It's fossils have been dug up in Olorgesaille and near Lake Turkana in the Kenya , Olduvai gorge in Tanzania.

4th stage: Homo sapiens

Characteristics

• He is a true man of today

• Has a large brain in size

• Has less thick jaws

• He was highly skillful man

• He made tools by using stones and bones.

  NB: the theory of evolution has been supported by Archaeologist

  Dr.Leakey in Olduvai Gorge in 1959                              

Basic characteristics of human evolution.

1. Development of man’s ability to design, make and use tools.

2. Ability of man to walk on two limbs. (Bi-pedalism)

3. Ability of man to think.

4. Ability of man to domesticate plants and animals.

 5th Homo sapiens sapiens

    Homo sapiens is a modern man.

  Homo sapiens is believed to  have evolved into Homo sapiens sapiens about 50,000 years ago.
    This man has a large brain and great intelligence.





 

Stone age
         Age - Is a period based on man's economic activities and type of the tools used . eg , Stone age , Iron age ,Science technology age etc.

Stone age: This is historical period in which man made and used stone tools.

Stone age is divided into three ages

1. Early or Old stone age.

2. Middle stone age.

3. Late or new stone age

EARLY OR OLD STONE AGE

This is the first period of stone age. It existed between 1,750,000 B.C and 750,000 B.C

Zinjanthropus- was the only man existed in this period.

• the early stone tools were pebbles and chopping.

  man used these tool for 

• killing and skinning animal flesh. 

• digging up roots.

• Cutting tree branches.

• For defense.

        Man obtained his food by hunting and gathering

      In this period man had low ability to control his environment. 

   

   MIDDLE STONE AGE TOOLS

  

   

  THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY OR OLD STONE AGE                  

  In East Africa stone age sites are found at Olorgasaille, Nsongezi and Olduvai.

1. Man lived primitive life depending on nature.

2. Man made and use crude (poor) tools.

3. Man lived by hunting and gathering.

4. Man ate raw food i.e meat

5. Man walked up right.

6. Man lived in caves.

7. Man did not wear clothes.

MIDDLE STONE AGE

This stage covered the period between 750,000BC to 50,000 BC.

This period man improved his stone tools.

Tools were -smaller,sharper and easier to handle.

Tools were spear, Arrows, Needles, Stone picks, Knives etc.

These tools were used for

• Digging up roots.

• Killing and skinning animals.

• Cuttings & chopping.

   

   

  THE NEW STONE AGE TOOLS

  

   

   

   

  THE DISCOVERY OF FIRE

•  

How man discovered fire?

• Fire was discovered by man who was scratching pieces of wood using his hands.

• The more he continued scratching, the pieces of wood got heat the smoke come out, the scratch caused friction of scratched wood and led to emission of fire.

IMPORTANCE OF FIRE TO MAN

1. Man started to eat roasted food i.e meat

2. Man started to live in cold areas.

3. Man used fire to clean bushes.

4. Man used fire to provide light at night. 

5. Fire used to kill small animals e.g rabbit

6. With fire man increased working hours .

7. Man use fire to attract prey.

8. Man used fire for defense from dangerous animals like lion.

MAN'S ANCESTOR MAKING FIRE

 

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MIDDLE STONE AGE

1. Man discovered fire.

2. Man developed some religious beliefs.

3. Man started to live complex life.

4. Man’s main occupation were: -

• Hunting and gathering

• Sedentary/ nomadic life

THE LATE STONE AGE (NEW STONE AGE)

In East Africa, late stone age started from around 50,000 BC to the first millennium AD.

• In this stage man used better tools compared to the previous stone ages.

• Tools become more sharper and smaller in size.

• Tools were stone exes, blades, spears, arrows, etc.

• Man started permanent settlement.

The tools were still largely made of stone but they were far better than those of earlier periods.

This period marked the beginning of settled communities.

• In areas such as Kondoa Irangi, paintings and drawings in  the carves proved this fact.

• The paintings and drawings show the shape of tools used and animal hunted.

Characteristics of the late stone age.

1. Man used better tools compare to the previous ages.

2. Man started to domesticated plant and animal.

3. Man become food producer.

4. Increase of population.

5. It was beginning of settled communities and villages.

6. This period marked to be primarily on division of labour.

Example: women become child bearers and cares while man for protecting the families and hunting

       Informal education started in this period.

THE LATE STONE AGE TOOLS

IRON AGE

• Iron age is believed to have started during the first millennium A.D.

• This was the period when man made and used Iron tools.

• The discovery and use of iron improved man’s standard of living.

• Iron tools were discovered about 3000 years ago.

• The first people to make and use iron tools in Africa were the people of Ethiopia and Egypt.

• Iron skills and knowledge were not uniform or the same in Africa.

• The first important towns for iron smelting were

  • Meroe in Sudan

  • Axum in Ethiopia

  • Nok area in West Africa

• In East Africa, it is believed that man started to use iron from the first millennium A.D

E.g. Iron discovered earlier in Engaruka, Uvinza, Karagwe, Ugweno and Western shores of lake Victoria.

• Iron tools included iron spears,arrows, Axes, Hoes etc

• Iron technology helped early African societies to

  • Produce and use iron tools.

  • To produce better weapons for defense.

THE RESULT OF USING IRON TOOLS

1. It led to increase in food production. Man could now clear his areas for cultivation.

2. Increase in population due to more food.

3. There was emergence of specialization i.e. Iron workers (black smiths) and food producers.

4. It led to the emergence of complex villages / development of political organization as kingdom and states.

5. Tools were highly improved and more efficient,

6. There was expansion of trade relation (expansion of trade).

DIAGRAM OF IRON TOOLS


THE MAJOR EARLY IRON CENTRES IN AFRICA